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Specifications of the main lens of the rear camera installed in the phone. In models with several lenses (see “Number of lenses”), the main one is responsible for basic shooting capabilities and does not have a pronounced specialization (wide-angle, telephoto, etc.). Four main parameters can be indicated here: resolution, aperture ( high aperture optics are quite common), focal length, additional sensor data.

Resolution(in megapixels, MP)
Resolution of the sensor used for the main lens. Budget options are equipped with a module 8 MP and below, many models have 12 MP camera / 13 MP, also recently a trend towards increasing megapixels has been popular. Often in smartphones you can find the main photomodule at 48 MP, 50 MP< /a>, 64 MP and even 108 MP .

The maximum resolution of the resulting image directly depends on the resolution of the sensor; and the high resolution of the "picture", in turn, allows you to better display fine details. On the other hand, an increase in the number of megapixels in itself can lead to a deterioration in the overall image quality - due to the smaller size of each individual pixel, the noise le...vel increases. As a result, the direct resolution of the camera has little effect on the quality of the shooting - more depends on the physical size of the matrix, the features of the optics and various design tricks used by the manufacturer.

Aperture
Aperture describes the ability of a lens to transmit light. It is written as a fractional number, for example f/1.9. Moreover, the larger the number in the denominator, the lower the aperture ratio, the less light passes through the optics, all other things being equal. For example, an f/2.6 lens will be “darker” than f/1.9.

High aperture gives the camera a number of advantages. First, it improves the quality of shooting in low light. Secondly, it's possible to shoot at low shutter speeds, minimizing the effect of "stirring" and blurring of moving objects in the frame. Thirdly, with fast optics it is easier to achieve a beautiful background blur ("bokeh") — for example, when shooting portraits.

Focal length(in millimetres)
The focal length is a distance between the sensor and the centre of the lens (focused to infinity), at which the most clear image is obtained on the matrix. However, for smartphones, the specifications indicate not the actual, but the so-called equivalent focal length — a conditional indicator recalculated using special formulas. This indicator can be used to evaluate and compare cameras with different sensor sizes (the actual focal length cannot be used for this, since with a different sensor size the same real focal length will correspond to different viewing angles). (It is also worth saying that the equivalent focal length can be noticeably larger than the thickness of the case — there is nothing unusual in this, since this is a conditional, and not a real indicator).

Anyway, the field of view and the degree of magnification directly depend on the equivalent focal length: a larger focal length gives a smaller field of view and a larger size of individual objects that fall into the frame, and a decrease in this distance, in turn, allows you to cover more space. In most modern smartphones, the focal length of the main camera ranges from 13 to 35 mm; if compared with the optics of traditional cameras, then lenses with equivalent focal length up to 25 mm can be attributed to wide-angle lenses, more than 25 mm — to universal models “with a bias towards wide-angle shooting”. Such values are chosen due the fact that smartphones are often used for shooting in cramped conditions, when a fairly large space needs to fit into the frame at a small distance. Enlargement of the picture, if necessary, is most often carried out digitally — due to the reserve of megapixels on the sensor; but there are also models with optical zoom (see below) — for them, not one value is given, but the entire working range of the equivalent focal length (recall, optical zoom is carried out by changing the focal length).

Field of view(in degrees). It characterizes the size of the area covered by the lens, as well as the size of individual objects "seen" by the camera. The larger this field, the more of the scene gets into the frame, but the smaller the individual objects in the image are. The field of view is directly related to the focal length (see above): increasing this distance narrows the field of view of the lens, and vice versa.

Note that this parameter is generally considered important for professional use of the camera rather than for amateur photography. Therefore, viewing angle data is given mainly for smartphones equipped with advanced cameras — including in order to emphasize the high class of cameras. As for specific values, for the main lens they usually are in the range from 70° to 82° — this corresponds to the general specifics of such optics (universal shooting with an emphasis on general scenes and extensive coverage at short distances).

Additional Sensor Data
Additional information regarding the sensor installed in the main lens. This item can specify both the size (in inches) and the sensor model, and sometimes both parameters at once. Anyway, such data is provided only if the device is equipped with a high-end sensor. With the model, everything is quite simple: knowing the name of the sensor, you can find detailed data on it. The size is worth considering a little more.

The size of the sensor is traditionally indicated in fractional parts of an inch — accordingly, for example, a 1/2.3" sensor will be larger than 1/2.6". Larger sensors are considered more advanced, as they provide better image quality at the same resolution. The logic here is simple - due to the large sensor area, each individual pixel is also larger and gets more light, which improves sensitivity and reduces noise. Of course, the actual image quality will also depend on a number of other parameters, but in general, a larger sensor size usually means a more advanced camera. In advanced photo flagships, you can find matrices with a physical size of 1”, which is comparable to image sensors used in top compact cameras with fixed lenses.

Specs of the additional lens installed in the device.

An additional lens is the one that is not covered by any of the three categories described above (main, tele-, ultra-wide), but is used directly for taking photos and videos (that is, it is not an auxiliary one — see below). In this case, the specific purpose of such a lens may be different. In some models, modules for a specific purpose are installed — for example, "portrait" optics with a longer focal length than the main module (however, less than that of a telephoto lens). In other devices, you can find additional modules of standard specialization — for example, the second telephoto lens, which differs in specs from the main one; data on such modules is also given here.

The meaning of particular specifications is described in detail above, in the paragraphs regarding the main lens, telephoto lens and ultra-wide optics. Here we note some nuances that directly relate to additional modules or are worth re-mentioning:

• Resolution (in megapixels, MP). In itself, high resolution only increases the detail and does not necessarily improve the quality of the picture. However, numerous MPs is often a sign of an advanced camera, where various additional solutions are used to improve quality.
• Aperture. Written as a fraction, such as f/1.9; the larger the number in the designation, the lower the aperture ratio and the worse the light transmission of the lens. These optics are more expensive, but...offer better image quality and more overall performance.
• Focal length. Specified in millimetres. Directly affects the viewing angle and specialization of the lens: short focal lengths are typical for "wide-angle" and lenses for general use, significant — for "portrait" and telephoto lenses.
• Sensor size. Specified in fractions of an inch, such as 1/2.8". A larger sensor is more expensive and takes up more space, but provides better image quality.
• OIS. An abbreviation for "optical image stabilization". See below for more details on such systems, but here we note that they are typical mainly for advanced cameras: optical stabilization is more complicated and expensive than digital, but more effective.

The presence of an auxiliary lens in the module of the main (rear) camera of the smartphone. Common to all auxiliary lenses is that they themselves do not shoot, but only supply the main camera with some useful additional data. But the types of this data and, accordingly, the methods of using auxiliary cameras can be different.

So, in some smartphones, an additional lens of a very small resolution is installed, which is used to obtain special information about the depth of field in some shooting modes (primarily in portrait mode). This format of work gives a number of interesting features — in particular, it allows you to change the depth of focus on an already finished image, moving the focus to a particular subject. Another interesting option is the so-called ToF (time of flight) cameras, which work on the principle of rangefinders and are capable of creating 3D models of various objects (including reading facial expressions from the user's face). There are other options, such as a black-and-white secondary camera for greater dynamic range and a fast aperture for better low-light performance.

Aperture of the main lens of the front camera installed in the phone. For models with several lenses (see "Front camera" — "Number of lenses"), the main one is the lens which is responsible for the main part of the shooting and does not have a pronounced specialization (auxiliary, ultra-wide-angle, etc.).

This parameter is indicated by a fraction, for example f/1.7; the smaller the number in denominator, the higher the aperture ratio, the more light the lens is able to transmit. Theoretically, a better aperture improves low-light performance, reduces motion blur, and can be useful for creating beautiful background blur; however, in fact, looking for a fast front camera(f/1.9 and better) makes sense mainly in cases where you plan to take selfies often and in large quantities and want to achieve the maximum quality of such pictures.

Additional features and capabilities of the device.

In modern mobile phones (especially smartphones) a very extensive amount of additional features can be provided. These can be both already familiar features, many of which are directly related to the original purpose of the device, as well as fairly new and/or unusual ones. The first category includes an emergency call button(often found on phones for the elderly), noise cancellation, FM receiver, notification light and a light sensor. The second category includes a face and fingerprint scanner (the latter can be located on the back cover, side panel, front and even right under the screen), gyroscope, advanced full-fledged flashlight, stereo sound, 3D surround sound, Hi-Res Audio and even such exotics as a barometer. Here is a more detailed description of each of th...ese options:

— 3D face scanner. A special technology for recognizing the user's face — not just by photographing, but by building a three-dimensional model of the face based on data from a special module on the front panel. This technology is constantly being improved, nowadays it is able to take into account the change of hairstyles and facial hair, the presence of glasses, makeup, etc. At the same time, the recognition of twins and children's faces still remains weak points (they have fewer individual features than adults ). The main use of a face scanner is authentication when unlocking a smartphone, entering applications, making payments, etc. At the same time, other, more original use cases are possible. For example, in some applications, the face scanner reads the user's facial expressions, and then this facial expression is repeated by an emoji on the phone screen.

— Fingerprint scanner. Fingerprint reader. It is mainly used for user authorization - for example, when unlocking the device, entering certain applications or accounts, confirming payments, etc. As for placement options, fingerprint scanners are increasingly moving from the back cover of the device to the surface of the side power / unlock button - to You can touch the sensor on the side with your thumb without releasing the smartphone from your hands and practically without changing your grip. Some time ago, sensors on the front of the case were quite popular - in particular, thanks to Apple, which was the first to tightly implement fingerprint recognition in its gadgets. However, such placement inevitably increases the size of the bottom frame, so the front fingerprint scanner is rare in modern smartphones. A good alternative to it is scanners right on the screen (more precisely, under the display matrix), which do not take up extra space on the front panel.

— Stereo sound. The ability to play full stereo sound through your phone's own speakers, without external audio devices. There must be at least two speakers for this task. This complicates the design and increases its cost, but it has a positive effect on the sound quality: the sound is more expressive and detailed than when using a single speaker, it has a volume effect, as well as a higher volume.

– 3D surround sound. The mechanics of spatial surround sound with localization of sound sources in three-dimensional space allows you to deeply immerse yourself in the atmosphere of films, enjoy listening to audio tracks, or completely immerse yourself in mobile gameplay. Algorithms for implementing 3D sound in smartphones differ in terms of software and hardware support, but they are all aimed at achieving the effect of realistic sound stage. Note that support for 3D surround sound can mean both commonly used technologies such as Dolby Atmos or DTS:X Ultra, as well as proprietary solutions from individual audio brands that have a hand in the sound subsystem of a mobile device (AKG, JBL, Harman, Huawei / Honor Histen, etc.).

– Hi-Res Audio. Mobile device support for high-resolution audio Hi-Res Audio - a digital signal with parameters from 96 kHz / 24 bits. Audio tracks in this format sound as close as possible to the original ideas of the authors of the compositions. The result is a sound that is as close as possible to what was recorded in the studio.

— FM receiver. Built-in module for receiving radio stations broadcasting in the FM band. Some devices also support other bands, but FM is the most popular nowadays (due to the ability to transmit stereo sound), it is in it that music radio stations usually broadcast. Note that some devices for reliable reception may require the connection of wired headphones — their cable plays the role of an external antenna.

— Notification indicator. Physically separate light beacon, pulsating or being constantly lighted up in response to incoming notifications of missed calls and received messages (including the ones from instant messengers and social network clients). Also, the indicator light usually signals a low remaining battery level and lights up during the battery recharging. The implementation of the notification indicator can be different: for some phones it is single-colour, for others it has colour coding of signals, flexibly adjustable for certain events through the settings menu. The light beacon allows you to visually comprehend the presence of incoming notifications without having to turn on the smartphone screen.

— Emergency call button. A separate button designed for use in critical situations. The specific features of such a button may be different, depending on the model: sending “alarming” SMS to selected numbers, automatically receiving calls from these numbers or calling them in turn, turning on the siren, etc. Anyway, the “emergency” button is usually clearly visible, and its presence is especially useful if the phone is used by an elderly person (in fact, in specialized devices designed for elderly, this button is almost mandatory).

— Noise suppression. An electronic filter that cleans the user's voice from extraneous noise (sounds of the street, the rumble of the wind in the microphone grille, etc.). Thus, the person at the other end of the line hears only the voice, with virtually no extra sounds. Of course, no noise reduction system is perfect; however, in most cases, this feature significantly improves the quality of the speech transmitted by the phone to the other person.

— Gyroscope. A device that tracks the rotation of a mobile phone in space. Modern gyroscopes, usually, work on all three axes and are able to recognize both the angle and the rate of turn; in addition, this feature almost necessarily means the presence of an accelerometer, which allows (among other things) to detect tremors and sharp movements of the device.

— Full-fledged flashlight. The presence of an advanced flashlight in the phone — more powerful than the usual one. The specific design and capabilities of such a flashlight may be different. So, in some devices, a separate LED (or a set of LEDs) is provided on the upper end, and this light source is used only as a flashlight. In others (mainly smartphones), we are talking about a special design of the flash: it consists of several LEDs, and only a part of them is usually used to illuminate when shooting, and all at once to work in flashlight mode. And the additional features of such a light source may include a laser pointer, beam focus, brightness control, etc. Anyway, most models with this feature are rugged devices with increased resistance to dust, moisture and shock (however, there are exceptions).

— Light sensor. A sensor that monitors the level of ambient light. It is mainly used to automatically adjust the brightness of the screen: in bright ambient light, it increases so that the image remains visible, and in twilight and darkness it decreases, which saves battery power and reduces eye fatigue.

— Barometer. Sensor for measuring atmospheric pressure. By itself, the barometer only determines this pressure at the current time, but the methods of using such data may be different, depending on the software installed on the phone. For example, some navigation applications can determine the elevation difference between individual points on the ground by the difference in atmospheric pressure at these points; and in weather programs, barometer data can improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. Also, this feature will be useful for weather-sensitive people: it signals a change in the weather, allowing you to more accurately determine the cause of ailments and take measures to eliminate them.

Navigational features provided by a device, usually a smartphone.

It is almost mandatory for a modern smartphone to have a GPS module and a digital compass. In addition, aGPS is often provided to speed up work, and Dual GPS to improve accuracy. Here is a more detailed description of these features:

— aGPS. An auxiliary feature that allows you to speed up the start of the main GPS receiver. To work for its main purpose, such a receiver must update data on the location of navigation satellites; Obtaining this data in the classical way, directly from the satellites themselves, can take quite a long time (up to several minutes). This is especially true for the so-called "cold start" — when the receiver starts up after a long break in operation, and the data stored in it has become completely outdated. aGPS (Assisted GPS) allows you to receive up-to-date service information from mobile network — from the nearest base station (this feature is supported by most mobile networks nowadays). This can greatly speed up the startup process.

— GPS module. Navigation module that allows you to determine the current coordinates of the device through the GPS satellite navigation system. GPS is the oldest and most common of these systems. The standard accuracy of modern receivers of this standard is about 6 – 8 m, and with the use of special technologies — several decimetres. As for the G...PS-modules in phones, they only provide the current location; How this data is used may vary depending on the operating system and installed applications. Among the most common options are map navigation (including track recording), geotagging photos and posts on social networks, searching for various objects nearby (attractions, transport stops, shops, hotels, cafes / restaurants, emergency services, etc.) , displaying the user's location (for example, to a taxi or delivery service), etc.
Notes to this paragraph may indicate additional systems supported by satellite receivers — for example, the European Galileo system. The exception is the Russian GLONASS, compatibility with which is specified separately (see below).

— Dual GPS. Additional feature found in modern GPS receivers (see above). Such receivers do not operate at one frequency, like traditional modules, but at two ("L1 + L5") — thus receiving two signal packets at once and comparing them with each other. This type of work significantly improves positioning accuracy — in some cases up to 10 – 20 cm. In addition, Dual GPS allows you to correctly process signals reflected from tall buildings — this increases efficiency in dense urban areas. However, it is worth noting that it is not always possible to use all the advantages of this feature. Full support for L5 is available only in the European Galileo system; in GPS (as of 2020), only about half of the satellites carry out such broadcasting, and in GLONASS it is not expected before 2030. In addition, compatibility may be limited by the capabilities of the smartphone: for example, in some models, Dual GPS mode becomes available only after a firmware update.

— GLONASS. Ability to use the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It is a Russian alternative to the American GPS, also providing global coverage. In standard mode, it almost does not differ in accuracy from GPS (about 5 – 10 m), but in special modes it is noticeably inferior (2.8 m versus 30 cm). Therefore, in modern smartphones, GLONASS is practically not used as the main navigation system — usually compatibility with it is provided as an additional feature of the GPS module. The ability to receive signals from two satellite systems at once has a positive effect on the quality of navigation, especially in dense urban areas, indoors and in mountainous areas: the number of dead zones decreases, the satellite search time decreases, and positioning accuracy improves.

— Galileo. European satellite navigation system, created as an alternative to the American GPS. Note that it is under the control of civilian departments, not the military. With a full fleet of 24 active satellites, the system gives an accuracy of up to 1 m in public mode and up to 20 cm with the GHA service. Working in conjunction with GPS, the Galileo system provides a more accurate position measurement, especially in densely populated areas.

— Digital compass. An electronic analogue of a conventional compass: a module that allows you to determine the direction to the cardinal points. Usually, it uses the same principle of operation, and the design is based on a miniature magnetic sensor. Along with the GPS module, it is an almost mandatory feature for modern smartphones. However digital compasses for the most of them are not accurate — but this drawback is not critical, since in the case of a smartphone, such accuracy is extremely rarely required.

Fast charging technology supported by the device.

By itself, fast charging, as the name suggests, reduces the charging time compared to the standard procedure. For this, increased voltage and/or current strength is used, as well as a special "smart" process control. But the possibilities and features of such charging may be different, depending on the specific technology used in the device. The same technology must be supported by the charger — this is the only way to guarantee the proper operation. However some types of fast charging are mutually compatible — but this point should be clarified separately, and compatibility is not always complete.

Here is a brief description of the most popular technologies nowadays:

— Quick Charge (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0). Technology created by Qualcomm and used in smartphones with Qualcomm processors. The later the version, the more advanced the technology: for example, Quick Charge 2.0 provides 3 fixed voltage options, and version 3.0 has a smooth adjustment in the range from 3.6 to 20 V. Most often, devices with a newer version of Quick Charge are also compatible with older chargers, but for full use, an exact match in versions is desirable.
Also note that certain versions of Quick Charge have become the basis for some other technologies, such as Asus BoostMaster and Meizu mCharge. However, again, the mutual compatibility of devices supporting these technologi...es needs to be clarified separately.

— Pump Express. Own development of MediaTek, used in smartphones with processors of this brand. Also available in several versions, with improvements and additions as it develops.

— Samsung Charge (Samsung Fast Charge, Adaptive Fast Charging). Samsung's proprietary fast charging technology. It has been used without any changes since 2015, so it looks quite modest against the newer standards. Nevertheless, it is able to provide good speed, especially for the first 50% of the charge.

— Power Delivery (Power Delivery 2.0). "Native" fast charging technology for the USB-C connector; can be used in smartphones of different brands equipped with such a connector. Also note that Power Delivery is supported not only by chargers and power banks, but also by separate USB ports of computers and laptops.

— Asus BoostMaster. Proprietary technology used in Asus smartphones. The specs are similar to Quick Charge 2.0; noticeably inferior to many more modern formats, but generally quite effective.

—Meizu mCharge. Meizu proprietary technology. It is interesting, in particular, because it combines Quick Charge from Qualcomm and Pump Express Plus from MediaTek; compatibility with these technologies needs to be specified separately, however, problems in this regard do not occur so often.

— Huawei PowerUp. One of Huawei's proprietary technologies. Formally similar to Quick Charge 2.0, but used with both Qualcomm and other brands of mobile CPUs, so compatibility is not guaranteed. In general, it is considered obsolete, gradually being replaced by more advanced standards like the SuperCharge Protocol.

— Huawei SuperCharge Protocol. Another proprietary technology from Huawei introduced in 2016; for 2021 is available in several versions. In some devices, the power of such charging exceeds 60 V — not a record, but a very solid indicator.

— Honor SuperCharge. A technology used mainly in advanced Honor smartphones. Until 2020, this brand belonged to Huawei, so Honor SuperCharge is, in fact, the same Huawei SuperCharge Protocol, only with improvements (at least in devices released after 2020).

— OnePlus Dash Charge. A relatively old proprietary standard from OnePlus. An interesting feature is that in some devices the effectiveness of Dash Charge is practically independent of the use of the screen: when the display is on, the battery charges at almost the same rate as when it is off. Technically a licensed version of OPPO's VOOC, however, these technologies are not compatible. Since 2018, Dash Charge has been gradually superseded by Warp Charge.

— OnePlus Warp Charge. OnePlus proprietary standard, released in 2018, including to replace Dash Charge. It is positioned as a technology that can function effectively even with intensive use of the smartphone — in particular, during games.

— Oppo VOOC. OPPO technology, used both in branded smartphones and in equipment from other brands. Available in several versions; The latest (for 2021) version of SuperVOOC is for 2-cell batteries and is sometimes listed as a separate technology called Oppo SuperVOOC Flash Charge.

— Oppo Super Flash Charge (SuperVOOC Flash Charge). Development of Oppo VOOC technology. One of the fastest (for 2021) charging technologies, it allows you to charge a 4000 mAh battery in just over half an hour. Provides for the use of special two-cell batteries.

— Vivo Flash Charge. Proprietary technology from Vivo. It features high power and speed: the process of charging a 4000 mAh battery takes only 13 minutes.

— Realme Dart Charge. Proprietary Realme brand technology. It has average, by modern standards, indicators of power and speed.

— Motorola Turbo Power. Motorola proprietary technology, found in almost all modern smartphones and tablets of this brand, as well as in separate devices from Lenovo. Available in several versions. It 's not super fast, but in general it has quite decent specs; in addition, devices with Turbo Power are also fully compatible with chargers that support Quick Charge (version 2.0 and higher).

The power at which the phone is charged in normal mode.

The higher the charging power, the less time spent on it (with the same battery capacity). Thus, very fast charging means charging power of 65 W or more. But this parameter does not directly affect compatibility with chargers: modern devices are able to work with “chargers” of both higher and lower power. At the same time, in the first case, the battery controller will automatically limit the charging current, and in the second, charging will simply take more time. Accordingly, the standard charger may be of less power. And when looking for a third-party charger, you should focus on the allowable charging power indicated in the specifications — this will give the maximum guarantee against malfunctions.

Battery charging time claimed by the smartphone manufacturer. Indicated for the "native" charger, usually wired; when using third-party chargers, the numbers may differ (usually in the direction of increasing time)

In modern mobile phones, the charging time is traditionally indicated in the format “X% in Y minutes”. This time can be given both for a 100% charge (that is, for a full charge of a battery set to zero), and for a partial one — for example, "50% in 30 minutes" or "60% in 34 minutes". Such a partial designation is convenient, first of all, in cases where there is not much time for charging, but 100% charge is not required — it is enough for the device to work long enough to get to the main charging point. However, note that the numbers in such designations do not correspond as accurately to the capabilities of the battery as it might seem. The fact is that the batteries of mobile devices have an uneven charging rate: at first (if you charge from zero), it is high, and as it approaches 100%, it gradually decreases. Two points follow this. Firstly, the claimed speed is achieved only when charging the battery from 0%; if the battery is not completely discharged, then the time will be longer. Simply put, the designation, for example, "50% in 30 minutes" is valid only for the option "from 0% to 50%"; other similar cases (say 20% to 70%) will take noticeably longer. Secondly, the rate of full charge will not be strictly proportional to the rate of partial char...ge. For example, the same "50% in 30 minutes" does not mean "100% in 60 minutes" — in the second case, the charging time will also be longer.

Due to all this, only phones that have the same number of percentages given in this paragraph can be compared with each other in terms of charging time. Also note that some manufacturers give both parameters in the specs at once — partial and full charge time. This designation is the most reliable and clear.