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The 3D printing technology used by the printer.

Nowadays, the most widely used technologies are Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM/FFF), LCD printing, Plastic Inkjet Printing (PJP), Colour Inkjet Printing (CJP), Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Stereolithography (SLA), and selective thermal sintering (SHS). Here is a more detailed description for each of them:

— Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM/FFF). The most common 3D printing technology so far. The principle of such printing is as follows: the working material (thermoplastic) in the form of a thread is fed into the extruder, where it melts due to heating and is printed through a special nozzle of small diameter. If necessary, lines within one layer are laid side by side, forming a continuous surface of the required area; for overhung elements, temporary supports made of the same plastic that are removed manually after the end of the process. The popularity of this type is primarily due to the low cost of both the printers and their consumables, which allows such printing to be used in almost all areas — from domestic use to industrial production. In addition, many types of thermoplastics can be used for FDM/FFF, as well as the wide variety of colours. The disadvantages of this technology include les...s accuracy than that of “photopolymer” SLA and DLP, but this point is not critical in most cases.
Note that the common designation for this technology "FDM" is a trademark; to circumvent restrictions of use, individual manufacturers use the “FFF” label, which generally has the same meaning.

— LCD printing. A method of creating three-dimensional objects by applying layers of liquid resin and then hardening it using ultraviolet light. 3D printers with LCD technology use liquid crystal displays to control the printing process. The printing material for them is liquid resin, which hardens when irradiated with UV light. The printer's LCD display displays a flat section of the 3D model, light passes through the pixels on the screen and the liquid resin underneath hardens in accordance with this section. By repeating the procedure of applying and hardening layers, the printer gradually creates a three-dimensional object. LCD technology differs from other 3D printing methods and often provides higher speed. It allows you to create parts with good accuracy and detail, which makes it attractive for printing prototypes, concept models and functional parts. Another option for naming LCD technology is MSLA (Masked SLA LCD).

— Plastic Inkjet Printing (PJP). In fact, that is another name for the FDM technology described above, used by 3D Systems and some other manufacturers. There are no fundamental differences.

— Colour Inkjet Printing (CJP). A type of inkjet 3D printing that allows you to create multi-colour products; proprietary development of 3D Systems. The general principle of inkjet 3D printing is as follows: a thin (about 0.1 mm) layer of powder material is applied to the working platform, and then a liquid binder is applied to this material through the nozzle of the print head (as a similar process in an inkjet printer). Then the platform is lowered by the thickness of the layer and the cycle is repeated until the product is ready. Print heads with multiple nozzles and binders of different colours are used for colour inkjet printing, which allows you to create products of a wide variety of shades. This printing method is highly accurate both in terms of shapes and colours; it is used even in puppet animation. On the other hand, CJP printers are expensive, so their use is mostly limited to professional applications.

— Stereolithography (SLA). One of the types of 3D printing based on the use of photopolymer resins — liquid materials that solidify when exposed to light. The light source in this case is a laser, and printing is carried out as follows. There is a movable platform with the container filled with photopolymer. At the beginning of the process, the platform surface is at a depth of one layer (about 0.1 mm ± 0.05 mm). The laser traces the contours of this layer on the surface of the resin, causing the material to solidify; the platform is then lowers to the depth of another layer, and the process is repeated until the product is finished. (The platform can also move up, but the general scheme of work remains the same). The main advantage of SLA is the highest precision, which makes it possible to use this technology even in dentistry and jewelry. At the same time, the speed of such printing is quite high, and modern photopolymers are very diverse, in finished form they can imitate various materials (plastic, rubber, etc.). On the other hand, both the printers and their consumables are very expensive.

— Digital Light Processing (DLP). Another type of 3D printing using photopolymers. The principle of operation is similar to the SLA described above: the product is formed in layers from a special resin that solidifies under the light. The difference lies in the fact that instead of laser emitters, DLP printers use LED-based projectors. This made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of such equipment while keeping all the main advantages of photopolymer 3D printing — high accuracy, good speed and a variety of materials (in terms of colours and properties). The low spread of this technology is mainly due to the fact that it appeared relatively recently.

— Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM). 3D printing technology based on the use of a print head with numerous nozzles (tens or even hundreds). Print media may vary; in modern models, photopolymers are most often used (like so in SLA and DLP), as well as low-melting wax, although it is also possible to work with thermoplastics (as in FDM/FFF). Anyway, the materials are applied in layers; when working with photopolymers, each layer is fixed using UV light. It is possible to print simultaneously with several materials — this facilitates work with overhung elements and supports for them: wax can be used for supports, which is then easily melted out of the finished product. Generally, MJM printers have high accuracy (comparable to SLA) with less material consumption, while they are excellent for even fairly large parts. On the other hand, the cost of such devices and consumables for them (photopolymers) turns out to be quite high, besides, MJM printers are difficult to maintain and repair. Therefore, the main scope of their application is professional prototyping in industry.

— Selective Heat Sintering (SHS). A technology that is similar to the CJP described above. A special powder (thermoplastic or fusible metal) is used as a consumable. At the beginning of the process, the powder is applied with a roller to the working platform with the thickness of one layer; then the heat emitter processes the material along the given shapes, the platform is lowered down to the thickness of the next layer, and the cycle is repeated until the complete model is formed. In fact, SHS is a simplification of the SLS technology, where a laser was used for sintering: the use of a thermal head instead of a laser head made it possible to significantly simplify and reduce the cost of the printer design. Also note that for the overhung elements, it is not necessary to print additional supports — the unused powder plays the role of these supports. The disadvantages of SHS include the limited choice of materials: a thermal emitter is not as efficient as a laser one, which requires the use of fusible materials. Metal products printed on such a printer may require additional processing to give the desired durability and heat resistance.

Materials for printing, which the 3D printer is designed for.

Most modern 3D printing technologies (see above) allow the use of more than one material, and these materials vary significantly in properties. Therefore, the choice of materials is limited not only by technology but also by the capabilities of a specific printer, and this parameter cannot be neglected when making a choice. Nowadays, you can mostly find devices designed for such materials (in alphabetical order): ABS plastic, ASA, BVOH, Carbon, CPE, Flex, HIPS, Nylon, PC, PETG, PLA, PP, PVA, SBS, TPE, Wood, photopolymer resin. A separate category is food 3D printers, which allow you to create sculptures from chocolate, cream, etc.

Here is a description of the most widespread materials today (both mentioned above and some others):

— ABS. One of the most common types...of thermoplastics nowadays; it is popular in 3D printing. Despite its low cost, ABS is quite practical: finished products are strong, fairly resistant to deformation and impacts, insensitive to moisture, and many aggressive liquids (alkalis, oils, a large amount of detergents); they also have a good operating temperature range (on average from -40 to 90 °C). Moreover, the melting of such plastic requires relatively low temperatures. ABS has three main disadvantages. Firstly, it is sensitive to direct sunlight, wears out quickly under such conditions (although this depends on the specific grade). Secondly, this material emits harmful fumes when heated, so it is advisable to use protective equipment during work or at least ensure effective room ventilation. Thirdly, ABS tends to adhere strongly to the print bed, requiring various additional tricks such as heating the print bed, using special thermal tape, etc. It should also be noted that finished products from this material have a rough surface, although this can be an advantage depending on the situation.

— PLA. Another popular material for 3D printing, a direct competitor to ABS. One of the key advantages of PLA is considered to be its "naturalness" and environmental safety: it is produced from plant materials (mainly corn and sugarcane), is biodegradable, and safe when heated. Additionally, this type of thermoplastic has a lower melting temperature and almost does not stick to the print bed. On the other hand, the downside of the mentioned environmental friendliness is a limited service life: PLA plastic decomposes fairly quickly (from a few weeks to a few years, depending on the grade). Other noticeable disadvantages are the price (almost twice as high as ABS) and brittleness (which somewhat complicates printing—a heavily bent filament easily breaks). It should also be noted that this type of plastic is not soluble in acetone and requires other solvents.

— Photopolymer resin. Material used for printing by SLA and DLP technologies (see "Printing Technology") and also widespread in MJM printers, where it has practically replaced thermoplastics. The name is due to the fact that in its initial state, the material has a liquid consistency and hardens (polymerizes) under intense lighting. Nowadays, there is a large variety of photopolymer resins, differing in technological characteristics (viscosity, hardening speed, light sensitivity) and practical features (hardened photopolymer can possess properties of different materials). In any case, printing with such materials is characterized by very high accuracy, although photopolymers are noticeably more expensive than thermoplastics.

— Nylon. In 3D printing, nylon has been used relatively recently, which is why it is encountered less frequently than other popular thermoplastics. Compared to ABS, this material requires higher temperatures, emits more harmful substances, and in its finished form tends to accumulate moisture and lose strength, which imposes certain usage restrictions. On the other hand, nylon products are not as hard, which in some cases is an advantage, particularly in medical applications: from such material, you can print splints and prostheses with a characteristic lattice structure, combining lightness and strength.

And here are detailed descriptions of the other, rarer materials:

— ASA. Weather-resistant material created to eliminate the main drawback of ABS—sensitivity to environmental exposure (primarily sunlight). As a result, it is a sufficiently strong and rigid material that is also quite simple to print and does not lose its properties when exposed to the open air for extended periods. ASA products are suitable even for use in cars; another advantage of this kind of thermoplastic is very little shrinkage when cooling. The downsides include a higher cost than ABS.

— BVOH. Auxiliary water-soluble filament used for printing support structures with protruding and overhanging elements as well as movable mechanisms. BVOH stands for Butenediol Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer. The filament has excellent interlayer adhesion and fuses well with the main model material, ensuring supports do not detach from the part during 3D printing. The optimal extrusion temperature for this plastic is in the range of 210 to 220 °C. The material easily dissolves in plain water, allowing you to create a strong foundation where supports are needed and achieve a smooth surface without thread residues when used in printing other types of plastic (PLA, ABS, and PET).

— Carbon. A printing material based on a polymer with added carbon fiber, developed by Carbon Inc, and has the same name. It is an excellent alternative to Nylon-plastic, boasting high interlayer adhesion and low shrinkage. Carbon also has high strength and resistance to thermal effects. This material is used for creating functional parts, prototypes, tools, mechanically loaded parts, housings for various devices, and repair parts for household appliances in various industries (including automotive, medical, etc.). Carbon plastic is suitable for almost all models of desktop 3D printers.

— CPE. Co-polyester CPE is a chemically resistant and relatively strong printing material characterized by high impact toughness and resistance to thermal effects. It usually includes polyethylene (PE) and polyester in different proportions. CPE has good strength and flexibility, which makes it suitable for creating functional parts in various fields: prototyping, modeling, the production of functional parts, etc. The recommended nozzle temperature for printing with CPE plastic should range from 230 to 260 °C. The print platform temperature may vary depending on the printer and nozzle size—often it is in the range of 70 to 85 °C.

— Flex. A type of thermoplastic based on polyurethane, the main feature of which is the flexibility and elasticity of finished products—hence the name. The properties of Flex are often compared to hard silicone: it is not afraid of impacts, insensitive to oil, gasoline, and many other aggressive liquids, wear-resistant, and durable (although the operating temperature for finished products from this type of plastic averages up to 100 °C). This material is quite suitable for FDM printing (see "Printing Technology"), but it requires special settings; thus, it is better to choose printers where compatibility with Flex plastic is directly stated.

— HIPS. A material used as auxiliary—for creating supports under parts located in the air. Compatibility with HIPS may mean that the printer has more than one extruder: in such cases, the main material is fed through one nozzle, and the support material through another. However, there are models with a single nozzle compatible with this type of plastic—where the supports and the main product are printed alternately. In any case, after printing is complete, HIPS supports can be removed with a special solvent. In this respect, this type of thermoplastic is somewhat more complex to use than the similarly applied PVA (see below), which dissolves in regular water; on the other hand, ordinary citric acid can be used as a solvent for HIPS, and its moisture resistance simplifies the storage of consumables. Also, it is recommended to use this material exclusively in combination with ABS: the latter has similar printing requirements and is not damaged by HIPS solvents.

— PC. Polycarbonate (PolyCarbonate) plastic from the group of amorphous thermoplastics with high transparency. PC is one of the popular materials used for creating transparent or translucent parts (lenses, protective helmets for cycling and motorsport, lighting products, etc.). Polycarbonate boasts excellent impact resistance and high temperature resistance, does not react with many chemicals, and provides good electrical insulation. PC plastic has a high melting temperature (from 150 °C), and its fluidity is achieved at temperatures around 280 – 300 °C.

— PETG. There are also designations PET, PETT. All of these are varieties of the same material: PET is original polyethylene, PETG is supplemented with glycol to reduce brittleness and simplify printing (making it the most popular variety in 3D printers), while PETT is transparent and significantly stiffer than PETG. In any case, based on their main features, these types of thermoplastics are something in between the popular ABS and PLA: they are simpler to use than the first option and more plastic than the second. The main disadvantages of PETG are its tendency to accumulate moisture (in this respect, this material is similar to nylon) and less resistance to scratches than the same ABS.

— PP. Polypropylene is quite popular in various plastic products, but it has not gained widespread use in 3D printing—primarily due to significant shrinkage and difficulties ensuring the necessary quality of layer bonding. Moreover, PP does not tolerate low temperatures well. At the same time, this material has advantages: it is resistant to abrasion, has decent strength, and is safe in production and chemically inert.

— PVA. Material known to many from school glue. In 3D printing, it is used in printers similarly to the above-described HIPS: PVA is used to print supports and other auxiliary elements that need to be removed from the finished product. At the same time, this material has two important advantages over HIPS. Firstly, PVA dissolves in water, eliminating the need to look for special solvents. Secondly, it can be used not only with ABS but also with other thermoplastics. The main drawback of this material is again related to water solubility: PVA needs to be stored in the driest conditions possible since even high humidity can deteriorate its properties.

— SBS. A relatively new type of thermoplastic, the main feature of which is transparency: SBS can be used to create products that are almost indistinguishable from glass (including stained in different colors). Moreover, this material is more flexible and elastic than ABS, which can be an advantage both in finished products and during printing: the filament entering the extruder will not break even with strong bending or significant stretching. The strength of SBS is quite high, and due to its chemical inertness, it is even suitable for food dishes. The main drawbacks of this material are the relatively high printing temperature and low layer adhesion, complicating the process.

— TPE. A thermoplastic elastomer that combines plastic and rubber properties. TPE boasts high elasticity and flexibility, allowing it to be used for creating flexible and resilient parts that can deform under pressure and return to their original shape. It is used for making seals and gaskets, elastic parts of toys, footwear, mobile gadget cases, and automotive parts (including interior elements and tires). TPE is characterized by hypoallergenic properties, resistance to scratches, and good adhesion qualities.

— Wood. A variety of PLA plastic (see above), which contains fine wood dust. As a result, products made from such material feel very similar to wood, and visually they can be almost indistinguishable. Another interesting feature is that you can vary the material's shade by changing the extruder temperature: increasing the heat results in the darkening of the wood particles. The main properties of Wood are similar to PLA, but the amount of sawdust can vary; the higher it is, the closer the finished product is to wood, but the lower its flexibility and strength. One of the disadvantages of this material is its relatively low strength. It should also be taken into account that Wood is poorly compatible with narrow nozzles (they tend to clog with wood particles).

— PC. Polycarbonate is one of the most popular plastic varieties worldwide and one of the most durable and reliable materials used in 3D printing. Besides mechanical strength, it is resistant to heating. On the flip side, the printing temperature must also be quite high, and it must be carefully controlled due to considerable shrinkage; due to the material's hygroscopicity, low humidity must also be maintained during work. All this significantly complicates printing, so polycarbonate is used quite rarely in this format.

— PC/ABS. A mixture of two types of plastic, designed to make polycarbonate more suitable for 3D printing while retaining its main advantages. Products made from this material are strong, rigid, impact-resistant, and heat-resistant; the printing process, while quite complex, is nevertheless significantly simpler than that of pure PC.

— Carbon (Carbon Fiber). A composite material based on carbon fibers supplemented with a thermoplastic filler—usually nylon, although other types of 3D plastic (ABS, PLA, etc.) can also be used. The specific properties of such material depend on the filler composition and the percentage of fibers, but there are common features. On one hand, such material is quite expensive, but at the same time, it is stronger and more reliable than the corresponding plastic without carbon fiber; many varieties of carbon fiber are successfully used for fully functional parts operating under high loads. Additionally, carbon fiber gives the material resilience. On the other hand, special high-hardness nozzles are required for printing—made of stainless steel or with a ruby tip; softer materials wear out quickly due to the abrasive properties of carbon fiber.

— TPU. A material from the class of so-called plastic elastomers based on polyurethane. Compared to other materials in the same class, it differs by being more rigid and, on the other hand, stronger and more resistant to low temperatures. Meanwhile, TPU is sufficiently flexible and elastic when compared to thermoplastics in general, not just polyurethane plastic elastomers.

— PEEK. A semi-crystalline thermoplastic characterized by high strength, resistance to chemical and thermal effects, and abrasion resistance. Thanks to such properties, PEEK can be used in parts that experience significant loads—moving parts of mechanical transmissions and even automotive engine parts. On the other hand, its high melting point requires high printing temperature and a closed thermal chamber, and the material itself is expensive. As a result, this type of thermoplastic is practically not used in household 3D printers, its main application being in professional fields.

— HDPE. A type of polyethylene, known as low-pressure (high-density) polyethylene. A very popular material among modern plastics, used in plastic bottles, many types of food packaging, etc.; however, it is not popular in 3D printing. This is due to a number of layering complexities: HDPE solidifies very quickly, requiring high-speed printing—otherwise, adhesion between layers may be insufficient. In addition, this type of polyethylene is highly prone to shrinkage, so printing requires uniform heating of the entire model—and this requires a closed work chamber and heated platform. On the other hand, printing consumables are very cheap; they can be obtained by simple recycling of household waste (the same plastic bottles).

— CoPET. A type of polyethylene that differs somewhat in production technology from regular PET. According to the creators, this achieves higher reliability, durability, and resistance to environmental influences than ABS and especially PLA. However, CoPET is inexpensive and easy to use, having a relatively low melting point and excellent layer adhesion. On the other hand, the operating temperatures of finished products are also not high—no more than 60 °C. Furthermore, this material is difficult to post-process and resistant to standard solvents, while the solvents acting on it are banned from free sale in many countries.

— POM. An industrial-level material characterized by high strength, low friction, and resistance to cold. Thanks to this, you can even print gears and other similar parts (including those subjected to significant mechanical stress), as well as bearing elements from POM. On the other hand, the printing procedure itself is quite complex, requiring a closed chamber with careful temperature control due to the material's high shrinkage. Moreover, a POM part is difficult to anchor to the print bed due to low adhesion: a quality adhesive is required, which is not easy to find.

— Rubber. A thermoplastic that resembles rubber or latex in its properties and is similar to the above-described Flex-type plastic. However, compared to "flex," Rubber is even softer and more elastic; at the same time, it is strong and well-resistant to damage (although, for the same reason, it is difficult to process mechanically). A typical example of this material's application is wheel printing; besides, it is highly resistant to solvents and effectively withstands even quite aggressive environments, for which less resistant materials are unsuitable. A clear disadvantage of this type of plastic is its high printing temperature.

File format for 3D models that the printer can handle.

Projects of 3D models are created using special programs (CAD — computer-aided design systems), while such programs can use different file formats, often incompatible with each other. This information can be useful both for selecting CAD for a specific printer model, and for assessing whether ready-made projects are suitable for printing on the selected model.

Among the most common file extensions nowadays (in alphabetical order) are — .3ds, .amf, .ctl, .dae, .fbx, .gcode, .obj, .slc, .stl, .ply, .vrml, .zrp.

Software for building models which the printer is optimally compatible with. The software used for 3D printing includes both CAD (automatic design systems for creating models) and slicers (software that break a three-dimensional model into separate layers, preparing it for printing). Therefore, this paragraph often indicates a whole list of software products.

Note that the degree of optimization in this case may be different: some models are compatible only with the claimed programs, but many printers are able to work with third-party CAD systems. However, it is best to choose software directly claimed by the manufacturer: this will maximize the capabilities of the printer and minimize the chance of failures and “inconsistencies” during operation.

The maximum dimensions of a product that can be printed on a 3D printer in one cycle.

The larger the dimensions of the model, the wider the choice for the user, the greater the variety of sizes available for printing. On the other hand, "large-sized" printers take a lot of space, and this parameter significantly affects the cost of the device. In addition, while printing a large model with FDM/FFF (see "Printing Technology"), larger nozzles and higher print speeds are desirable — and these features negatively affect detailing and the print quality of tiny objects. Therefore, while choosing, you should not aim the utmost maximum sizes — you should realistically assess the dimensions of the objects that you're going to print, and proceed from these data (plus a small margin in case of unexpected moments). In addition, we note that a large product can be printed in parts, and then piece these parts together.

The largest volume of an object that can be printed on a printer. This indicator directly depends on the maximum dimensions (see above) — usually, it corresponds to these dimensions multiplied by each other. For example, dimensions of 230x240x270 mm will correspond to a volume of 23*24*27 = 14,904 cm³, that is, 14.9 litres.

The exact meaning of this indicator depends on the printing technology used (see above). These data are fundamental for photopolymer technologies SLA and DLP, as well as for powder SHS: the volume of the model corresponds to the amount of photopolymer/powder that needs to be loaded into the printer to print the product to the maximum height. If the size is smaller, this amount may decrease proportionally (for example, printing a model at half the maximum height will require half the volume), however, some printers require a full load regardless of the size of the product. In turn, for FDM/FFF and other similar technologies, the volume of the model is more of a reference value: the actual material consumption there will depend on the configuration of the printed product.

As for specific figures, the volume up to 5 litres can be considered as small, from 5 to 10 litres — medium, more than 10 litres — large.

Kinematics in 3D printers is a way of organizing the movement of the print head and bed along the X, Y, and Z axes. The chosen kinematics affect the speed, accuracy, and reliability of the printing process. The most common types are:

— Bed Slinger (Core XZ). This design type features a bed that moves forward and backward (Y-axis), while the head with the nozzle moves left-right and up-down simultaneously (X and Z axes). In this system, vertical movement (height) is done not by raising the entire bed, as in some other printers, but by the head itself. This simplifies the device, making it lighter and cheaper, as well as allowing for printing tall parts with good stability.

— Core XY. An advanced design where the print head moves horizontally: left-right (X-axis) and forward-backward (Y-axis), while the bed moves up and down (Z-axis). Unlike traditional schemes, here the head movement is ensured by two belts that work in harmony, allowing it to move quickly and smoothly. The motors remain stationary and do not travel with the head, so the moving part is light and doesn't vibrate during operation. This results in high printing speed, accuracy, and neat layers, especially on large models. Simply put, CoreXY is smart mechanics for those who want fast, quiet, and high-quality printing.

— Delta. A unique and spectacular design where the print head is suspended on three vertical columns with moving carriages. These carriages move up and down, and thanks...to their coordinated work, the head moves in all directions: left-right (X-axis), forward-backward (Y-axis), and up-down (Z-axis). This system allows for very smooth and fast movements, especially suitable for tall models and complex curves. Delta printers are fast and quiet but require precise calibration and settings.

The smallest thickness of a single layer of material that can be applied with a printer.

In photopolymer devices of SLA and DLP formats (see "Print Technology") the meaning of this parameter is simple: it is the smallest height of a one pass cycle of the working platform. The smaller this height, the better detailing can be achieved on the device; however, in such models, this height is usually small — most often less than 50 µm. But in devices based on FDM/FFF and similar technologies using nozzles, there are also higher rates — 51 – 100 µm and even more. Here it is worth noting the fact that a small minimum layer thickness allows efficient use of small nozzles and achieves better detail. On the other hand, increasing detailing reduces productivity, and to compensate this fact, it is necessary to increase the print speed by increasing power (both heating and blowing), which, in turn, affects the cost. Therefore, choosing one should proceed from real needs: for objects with relatively low detail, there is no need to look for a printer with a small layer thickness.

It is worth noting that in FDM/FFF printers, the optimal layer thickness depends on the nozzle diameter (see below) and the specifics of printing — for example, for a “in one line” perimeter without filling, you can use the minimum layer thickness, while for filling it is not recomme...nded. Detailed recommendations on the optimal layer thickness for different situations can be found in special guides.

The diameter of the regular working nozzle in a printer operating with the FDM/FFF or PJP technology (see "Printing Technology").

This is one of the key parameters that determine the capabilities of the printer. The width of separate lines in each layer and the optimal thickness of the layer itself are directly related to the nozzle diameter. So, with a small nozzle, these width and thickness will also be small, which allows the better detail, but reduces the actual print speed (as well as the durability of the completed product due to the increase in the number of joints). And large nozzles are better suited for high-volume tasks where print performance and design reliability are more important than high precision.

More detailed recommendations on choosing a diameter for a specific task and layer thickness can be found in special sources. It is also worth considering that many modern 3D printers allow you to change nozzles, and for more or less serious 3D printing, it is directly recommended to have several replacement nozzles in stock. Therefore, some models with several nozzles of different diameters are provided in one package.